The origins of our 24 hour day can be traced back at least 4000 years, to ancient Egypt and Babylon, and perhaps further back in time. The Egyptians and Babylonians divided the parade of stars that appeared in the sky each night into 12 sections, marked by the various stars that rose and set that night. For example, the star Procyon might rise shortly after sunset one evening, followed about an hour later by Sirius. This defined a kind of heavenly clock, although different groups of 12 stars were used to cope with the slow shift of the night sky during the year. The daylight hours were divided into 12, to match. Two sets of 12 give 24, hence the number of hours in a day.
A knowledge of time has been around probably since before recorded history. I couldn't tell you when it went to the 24 hour system, nor who was responsible, and frankly, our understanding of time and its measurment has not been fixed through the centuries. Check the Wikipedia article on Time. It may point you in the right direction for further research. You may also check published encyclopedias if you have access to them.
Time is a physical demension, nobody "invented" it, it was created by the big bang, along with 3 other spacial demensions that are a bit more obvious to us.
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