You asked for it…
In science, the word theory and fact are not interchangeable. The two words have VERY different meanings and in science, a theory is of much greater importance than a fact. A scientist would more than likely rank theories as the most important thing in science because theories include everything. Theories include laws, hypotheses and facts; theories are explanatory methods while facts are just confirmed observations. Scientific facts do change with better methods of observation, but that in no way suggest that science is a "tower of theories susceptible to collapse".
Since you use fact and theory as interchangeable words I know you are confused about the how to properly use them in a scientific sense. Theories explain laws and facts; a fact by itself does not explain anything. When you say facts are just theories, that shows how mistaken you are on this topic. Facts are not theories, facts arise as a result of theories and help support theories, but facts themselves are not theories. It is a scientific fact that Dinosaurs existed, but the THEORY of natural selection provides an explanation of their origin.
In general, society has no clue what is scientifically relevant and acceptable. If you polled Americans right now, the majority would say they don't believe in evolution. Evolution is second only to quantum physics in the number of studies that support the theory, yet the majority of American society (and a growing number abroad) do not believe in the theory. Society does not always accept the "successful" theories of science. In some cases, societies ignore good scientific theories in favor of bad theories and they disregard pertinent evidence. For an example, look no further than the Evolution vs. Creationism/Intelligent Design case. Creationism/ID is not a successful scientific theory, but it has made its way into many textbooks and school curriculums. Societies are often woefully ignorant of what constitutes good science.
Theories are not made up to "skip steps", in fact, the opposite is true. Theories provide a framework for further scientific exploration.
You say theories are simply built upon each other, but that is also somewhat of a misconception. Some well-supported theories in the same scientific disciplines are actually in conflict with each other. Want an example just look at Gravity and Quantum Physics. Both theories are extremely well supported, but the two theories are incompatible. It is true that theories are revised over time, but rarely (since the conception of the scientific method) do the fundamentals of a theory change drastically and often times a theory will lead to a change in our factual knowledge, not the explanatory method of the theory.
As for that wiki article, the latter half discusses how scientific fact is not immutable and that is a true statement. Facts of science change, however, you suggest that science is susceptible to collapse because some of the facts change. Science is not wedded to anything other than the empirical world and whichever theory better explains the empirical world is the leading theory in science, therefore science cannot "collapse" but only be refined and improved. Science's goal isn't to prove that a particular "theory" is correct, but rather to understand the world. The only way science can collapse is if the scientific method is proven to be a bad method for discovering how the world works. Considering the success we have had since its conception (and comparing that success to the stagnant progress of the years prior) it is safe to assume that no one will disprove the scientific method anytime soon.
The first part of the article raises some interesting points, but it does not support your above paragraph nor does it negate anything I have written. I have actually read the works of the authors referenced in that article and neither would support the idea that theories and facts are interchangeable words. Operationalism has more to do with how concepts and terms change from discipline to discipline. Most logical empiricist actually reject that concept and regardless, the theory of operationalism does NOT suggest that theories and facts are words to be interchanged, but rather that concepts and terms are to be understood within their particular discipline (basically that length for Astronomers is different then length for everyday persons).
Kuhn's point that in order to know facts you need to use theories is true, but that still does not support your description in any way. In his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Kuhn actually DISTINGUISHES between the two concepts.
Trust me doggie, you are SADLY mistaken when it comes to this topic…you've read the wiki articles…I've read the ACTUAL books and written papers on this doggie.
fat_rob
Because you are a philosophy major and this debate pertains to the philosophy of science... e.g. Kuhn. And I am not sadly mistaken but simply have my own philosophy, butter. It is not far off of what you are saying either. Another thing - I am not working anything of mine off of any source - internet or book. I haven't studied this. It is from my brain. You are actually convincing me I should go into philosophy more and more.As for dinosaurs... well we have a really good theory that they exist, which is backed up by other theories, more theories, and more theories, right? You call that really good theory a fact. I don't. Nothing is absolute. Nothing is true. Everything is therefore false. False is just a lack of truth, similar to how bad is a lack of good, id est there is no real false or bad, but there is no absolute truth or absolute good, unless you mean "God," which is a totally separate strain of philosophy called theology. If you understand what I mean by when I say fact is just well backed theory, then the following will make more sense than if you do not, where I guess you will just attempt to refute my opinion more with no fruit.
Because theory is merely opinion, and nothing is absolute, if one were to refute a key theory, not limited to the "Scientific Method," which for the sake of purpose is not to be considered, then the whole tree, tower, or whatever have you, will come tumbling down. I call my theory "loose relationship theory." All things are loosely related, but nothing is bound tightly enough to be perfectly undeniable.
As for Scientific Method, it is bad, and is merely the best method avaliable at the moment. It is not to be said to be correct however, but just accurate to an extremely low degree of inaccuracy.
Now back to Evolution versus Intelligent Design.. that is not an example of the ignorance of society. It is an example of society versus culture. What we are now getting into is not philosophy or science, but Human Geography.
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