Catholics were the first Christians, in that they derived from the followers of the Apostles. The main distinguishing feature of the Catholic faith is the individual's relationship with God through the intercession of the Virgin Mary and the Eucharist.
Protestants came about as a result of Martin Luther's protest against some of the practices of the Catholic church. Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Puritans, Evangelicals, Pentacostals are all Protestants. The main distinguishing characteristic of Protestant faith is the individual's direct relationship with God.
Church of England (aka, Anglican Church or Episcopalian) came about as a result of Henry VIII's desire to divorce his wife. The Catholic Church forbade divorce, so he basically said "F U. I'll make my own church." The Church of England functions in a similar manner to the Catholic church.
Mormons (aka Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS) believe in the Holy Bible. The also believe that the Book of Mormon is another religious scripture recording the word of God. Mormons believe that an angel revealed the Book of Mormon to Joseph Smith in the form of golden plates. Mormons believe that Jesus Christ ministered to Native Americans in North America.
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