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[QUOTE="Marth6781"]1. Go back to 8th grade history class, buddy im taking AP world history.
Whoa, and you remember so much!
Colombus and others wanted a new route to the indies b/c the muslims/italians had a monopoly on trade in the mediterranean, meaning goods from asia had to go through the muslims/italians.
They did not have a monopoly, they only made it more difficult for the Europeans to get to India.
2. Actually the muslims only took the numbering system from India, they independentely advanced in the precursor's to chemistry, had advanced mathematics, and so on.
They also took the idea of zero from India, as well as many algebraic formulas and algebra itself (it was refined and perfected by an Indian, not a Muslim - they just spread it).
3. If you actually knew the governmental policies issued by muhammed and muslim socities like... SOCIAL SECURITY, yes the muslims created the first "real" social security systems.
Actually, that honor belongs to the guilds of Medieval Europe.
The_Ish
1. Umm, yes the muslims and the italians had a monopoly on mediterranean trade.
2. Umm, no S*** they took the concept of zero from India, if they take the numbering system they take zero. Actually if you learn about muslim mathematics they created the decimal point, you know what read UP!!! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_mathematics
Learn some history. :)
[edit] Mathematics
Main article: Islamic mathematics
Al-Khwarizmi, a pioneer of algebra and algorithms.
John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson wrote in the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive:
"Recent research paints a new picture of the debt that we owe to Islamic mathematics. Certainly many of the ideas which were previously thought to have been brilliant new conceptions due to European mathematicians of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are now known to have been developed by Arabic/Islamic mathematicians around four centuries earlier."[108]
Al-Khwarizmi (780-850), from whose name the word algorithm derives, contributed significantly to algebra, which is named after his book, Kitab al-Jabr, the first book on elementary algebra.[109] He also introduced what is now known as Arabic numerals, which originally came from India, though Muslim mathematicians did make several refinements to the number system, such as the introduction of decimal point notation. Al-Kindi (801-873) was a pioneer in cryptanalysis and cryptology. He gave the first known recorded explanations of cryptanalysis and frequency analysis in A Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages.[110][111]
The first known proof by mathematical induction appears in a book written by Al-Karaji around 1000 AD, who used it to prove the binomial theorem, Pascal's triangle, and the sum of integralcubes.[112] The historian of mathematics, F. Woepcke,[113] praised Al-Karaji for being "the first who introduced the theory of algebraiccalculus." Ibn al-Haytham was the first mathematician to derive the formula for the sum of the fourth powers, and using the method of induction, he developed a method for determining the general formula for the sum of any integral powers, which was fundamental to the development of integral calculus.[114] The 11th century poet-mathematician Omar Khayyám was the first to find general geometric solutions of cubic equations and laid the foundations for the development of analytic geometry, algebraic geometry and non-Euclidean geometry. Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi (1135-1213) found algebraic and numerical solutions to cubic equations and was the first to discover the derivative of cubic polynomials, an important result in differential calculus.[115]
Other achievements of Muslim mathematicians include the invention of spherical trigonometry,[116] the discovery of all the trigonometric functions besides sine and cosine, early inquiry which aided the development of analytic geometry by Ibn al-Haytham, the first refutations of Euclidean geometry and the parallel postulate by Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī, the first attempt at a non-Euclidean geometry by Sadr al-Din, the development of symbolic algebra by Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī,[117] and numerous other advances in algebra, arithmetic, calculus, cryptography, geometry, number theory and trigonometry.
YOU've been owned on so many levels its not funny.
[edit] Beginning of chemistry
Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber), the father of chemistry, invented the alembicstill and retort, many chemical processes such as pure distillation and filtration, and many chemical substances such as distilled alcohol. He also established the perfumery industry. An early experimentalscientific method for chemistry began emerging among early Muslim chemists. The first and most influential was the 9th century Arab chemist, Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan), who is "considered by many to be the father of chemistry",[4][5][6][7] for introducing:
Jabir's teacher, Ja'far al-Sadiq, refuted Aristotle's theory of the four ****cal elements and discovered that each one is made up of different chemical elements:
"I wonder how a man like Aristotle could say that in the world there are only four elements - Earth, Water, Fire, and Air. The Earth is not an element. It contains many elements. Each metal, which is in the earth, is an element."[9]
Al-Sadiq also developed a particle theory, which he described as follows:
"The universe was born out of a tiny particle, which had two opposite poles. That particle produced an atom. In this way matter came into being. Then the matter diversified. This diversification was caused by the density or rarity of the atoms."[9]
Al-Sadiq also wrote a theory on the opacity and transparency of materials. He stated that materials which are solid and absorbent are opaque, and materials which are solid and repellent are more or less transparent. He also stated that opaque materials absorb heat.[9]
Al-Kindi, who was a chemist and an opponent of alchemy, was the first to refute the study of traditional alchemy and the theory of the transmutation of metals into more precious metals such as gold or silver.[10]Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī,[11]Avicenna[12] and Ibn Khaldun were also opponents of alchemy who refuted the theory of the transmutation of metals.
Another influential Muslim chemist was al-Razi (Rhazes), who in his Doubts about Galen, was the first to prove both Aristotle's theory of Ca**cal elements and Galen's theory of humorism wrong using an experimental method. He carried out an experiment which would upset these theories by inserting a liquid with a different temperature into a body resulting in an increase or decrease of bodily heat, which resembled the temperature of that particular fluid. Al-Razi noted particularly that a warm drink would heat up the body to a degree much higher than its own natural temperature, thus the drink would trigger a response from the body, rather than transferring only its own warmth or coldness to it. Al-Razi's chemical experiments further suggested other qualities of matter, such as "oiliness" and "sulfurousness", or inflammability and salinity, which were not readily explained by the traditional fire, water, earth and air division of elements.[13] Al-Razi was also the first to:
In the 13th century, Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī stated an early version of the law of conservation of mass, noting that a body of matter is able to change, but is not able to disappear.[14]
From the 12th century, the writings of Jabir, al-Kindi, al-Razi and Avicenna became widely known in Europe during the Arabic-Latin translation movement and later through the Latin writings of a pseudo-Geber, an anonymous alchemist born in 14th century Spain, who translated more of Jabir's books into Latin and wrote some of his own books under the pen name of "Geber".
[edit] Chemical processes
Geber first invented the following chemical processes in the 8th century:
Al-Razi invented the following chemical processes in the 9th century:
Other chemical processes introduced by Muslim chemists include:
This is way too fun!!!!!
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