A turn based battle system is one which involves players taking actions in designated turns. This means that each player will have an orderly opportunity to act, during which no other players can take actions (like a chess game). Turn based systems can have time limits on turns to keep things moving more quickly (like competitive chess), but players still take actions according to a turn order.
FFX has this type of battle system, which Square called the CTB system (conditional turn based battle). In battles, each character takes actions during their turn and has an unlimited amount of time to do so. When your turn comes up you could go and make a sandwich, come back, and everything would be just as you left it. Turns are "conditional" because certain actions will change a player's placement in the turn order (i.e. haste or slow), but the system still revolves around ordered turns, and paying close attention to the turn order is a crucial element of the strategy.
All of the numbered FF games from IV to IX used the ATB sytem (active time battle). This system eliminated turns, and instead uses time meters to determine when characters can act. The battles play out in real time, as the game does not wait for the player to input commands, and enemies will continue to attack regardless of whether or not the player has acted (no time to make sandwiches).
All of the numbered FF games up to XII have a menu driven interface in which the player does not directly control the movement and action of the characters during battles, but instead issues commands by selecting them from a menu. I think many people confuse this menu driven interface with turn based gameplay as though they were synonymous. This is understandable because most turn based video games are also menu driven, while most real time games are controlled directly by the player. Visually, a game like FFVII looks much like any other turn based rpg, but it is the way in which the game deals with time and attack order which determines whether it is turn based or real time.
This is why I didn't find the battle system in XII to be so radically different from the old FF games, because apart from giving the player direct control over character movement (which is mostly a superficial difference) the way the battles play out is very similar to the old real time ATB system. By the way, I'm sorry that i keep writing a five paragraph essy every time I make a post, I took an english class in college that basically rewired my brain to write like this.
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