A Beginner's Guide to Making Beats with FL Studio
I. Intro
haha, at last, it's my long-in-the-making guide to making beats with Fruity Loops (aka FL Studio). The first thing I want to bring up, though, is that the title here is meant to be taken literally - this guide is for BEGINNERS. Like, I made this for the dude who's just downloaded FL right now and has never made a beat before in his life. Future installments of "Intermediate" and "Expert" sections are on there way, but as those sections will be much more expansive, I figured I'd just get a beginner section right out the gate, since it'd be of more use to people now than months from now. Still, even if you've had FL for a minute now and feel pretty confident of your skills, the guide might be worth a look. Here's good lookin' ...
II. Overview of FL Studio
A.Download the Program
One of the great things about Fruity Loops Studio is that, with most step-sequencers out there going for about $300 or more, you can download a fully functional demo of FL (that never expires) for free! The only catch is that you cannot save your creations. However, considering how much of an investment a beat-making program can be, this is a nice way to find out if this is something you'd like to one day put down some money for. (if you really want a free program that will allow you to save your music, Anvil Studio seems to be the most popular, but it doesn't really look that rap-friendly, and the interface is FUGLY). You can download FL Studio here.
IMPORTANT NOTE! I downloaded my FL Studio demo well over a year ago; it's quite likely that a new version has been put up for the demo. It would seem to me that most of the features stay the same with each version of FL, but if there are too many parts of my tutorial that don't correspond with the current version of the FL demo, I'll upgrade to make the tutorial more comprehensive.
B.The Guts of the Program
I think on member of OTB put it best that using FL for the first time can be like trying to fly a plane - if you've never composed music on a step-sequencer before, it can truly be a humbling experience. But don't worry! Even though there are tons of features in FL Studio, there are really just four areas you need to familiarize yourself with right now. So let's take a look at these features by first going to "View" at the top of the screen and making sure the following are checked: "Playlist", "Step Sequencer", and "Browser".
i. Browser
The Browser is where you can find the instruments that come pre-loaded with Fruity Loops - everything from drums to bass to melody instruments. There are a number of directories in the browser, but the only two you really need to concern yourself with are "Packs" and "Plugin Presets". "Packs" are instruments packaged with the software that you pretty much just use as they are; you can't tweak them all that much. "Plugin Presets" includes instruments with their own unique tweaking programs that let you make the instrument sound just how you want it to sound. When you find an instrument, you can left click it and hear it, but this only works with "Packs" instruments (since it's up to you how a "Plugin Preset" instrument should sound. When you find something you want, you can drag and drop it into the step sequencer.
ii. Step Sequencer
The Step Sequencer is where the music is created. Each instrument added to your Step Sequencer is created as an individual "channel". I'm not going to go too in-depth on how this feature works right here, since I think it will be easier to understand if you learn to use it by going through the examples later on in the tutorial.
iii. Playlist
The Playlist is where the pieces of the song get put together. Of course, you can create music in the step-sequencer, but, essentially what you're creating is a PATTERN. A pattern that loops on and on and on forever. Real songs have structures. So what you can do is create a pattern you like in the step sequencer and then click on the pattern selector:
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The pattern you had just created was automatically selected as pattern 1. Now click "2" for the second pattern, and now you'll be able to create a whole new pattern, or just slightly alter your first one. In the playlist you can then choose which patterns you want to play when. Finally, to hear your song in it's entirety:
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Switch it from "Pattern Mode" to "Song Mode" - now, instead of just hearing an individual Pattern, you hear the song in it's entirety, following the list of patterns in the order you chose. If this sounds a bit confusing; don't worry, we'll be applying it later in the tutorial.
iv. Piano Roll
Creating music simply with the step-sequencer is limited - really, it's ultimately meant to organize the patterns you create in the piano roll (or "sequence your steps", I guess). So either add some instruments to your step sequencer if you don't already have any, or just use the ones you already have, and start by right clicking the instrument channel:
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And choose "Piano Roll". This will open up the "Piano Roll":
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In the Piano Roll you have complete control over your instrument - you can move it up or down the keyboard to increase or decrease the pitch of the instrument, you can control how the note lasts (hover the mouse above the right or left edge of the note to increase or decrease it), and so on. We'll explore the more advanced features of the piano roll in further tutorials.
III. The Foundations of the Beat
Now you should have a little understanding of the in's and out's of FL Studio, but knowing a program don't mean jack if you don't know how to make music with it. And if you feel lost just trying to make a simple rap beat, don't worry - we've all been there, even if some people try to front. Let's break it down:
A.Tempo
Before you get to putting anything together, you should set the tempo of the song - also known as b.p.m., or beats per minute. Now, let's quick figure out where they're getting these "beats" from:
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I know, it's math. This might seem a bit confusing, but really try to get a grasp on this idea, it can be really useful. As you can see on the diagram, 16 notes make up 1 measure. Every 4th note counts as a "beat". Now, think about it - with a tempo of 60 beats per minute, you get one beat every second (and if you don't trust me and are incredibly bored, you can test it out yourself; it works). A beat slow enough you can align your watch with it doesn't sound very exciting, does it? Well, let's take a look at what tempos go with what types of genres:
60-80 bpm: Certain types of R&B, like Usher's "Confessions Pt. 2".
80-90 bpm: Slower rap.
90-100 bpm: The VAST majority of rap. If it gets your head nodding and your foot tapping, chances are it's in this range.
100-130 bpm: Breakbeat stuff, certain eccentric rap beats (I always hear Outkast's "B.O.B." is like 120 bpm but I still need to test that)
By simply hovering your mouse above the tempo button, left clicking and dragging the mouse down, you can bring the tempo to whatever level you want (do NOT make a song at the 140 bpm it starts you out at; those are techno speeds).
Tempo can be a tricky thing, though. It can be easy to be fooled into thinking a song is at a different tempo than it really is; particularily with slower songs. Personally, I always thought The Ying Yang Twin's "Wait (The Whisper Song)" was a kinda slow bpm, but it's actually exactly 100 beats per minute! Making a beat sparse can often make it feel like there's less going on and make the beat feel slower.
B.Drums
i. Kick Drum
The kick drum is also referred to as the "bass drum", which is appropriate since, along with the bass, the kick drum is what provides the song's low end; it's what makes the beat "thump".
ii. Snare Drum
The snare is the high-pitched drum that sounds like the polar opposite of the kick. Thesnare is also sometimes replaced by/combined with a handclap, or, in some cases, finger snaps (think "Wait").
*** for the purposes of this tutorial, put the tempo at 96 and keep it there until I tell you to change it. after that, set it to whatever you like ***
iii. The Back Beat
IMPORTANT! This is probably the most important concept to understand in beat-making. You start by putting kicks on the first and third beat:
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If you don't alreay have a kick drum, you can open one by going to the browser and opening "Packs" -> "Hip-Hop" -> any one of the kicks you want. Now you put snares on the second and fourth beats (you can get a snare in a similar fashion to the kick):
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And now you have the "back beat". It's the fundamental contrast that makes it so effective - the low pitched kick followed by the high pitched snare. The first and third beats are often referred to as the "down beats" and the second and fourth are often referred to as the "up beats" or "back beats". It's this motion, up and down, back and forth, that keeps heads nodding.
Of course, this is pretty primitive - although it's effective, it's also a little mechanical sounding. What makes an effective drum pattern is breaking the back-beat formula a little bit, but still at least keeping the formula partially in-tact. Try keeping the same snare pattern and move the second kick a little to the right like this:
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See how much of an effect such a simple change has! This is what musicians call "syncopation". It's about putting something somewhere different than where the listener expects it - because we had the kick on 1 and the snare on 2, the listener just subconciously expects the next kick will be on the 3. When it ends up somewhere else, it has a profound effect on them, and somehow, it's what makes us dance; it's what makes us move. Of course, not every combination is a good one, but you'll figure that out through trial and error, like any producer does. And it's not always about taking away or moving things, you can always add to it:
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Do that with the kick and keep the snares on the 2 and 4, and you have one of the most famous rap beats. Hopefully this will get you going with the back-beat.
iv. percussion
a. Crash Cymbals
When you think of cymbals, the cymbals you're probably thinking of are crash cymbals (find one at packs -> real drumkits -> RD Crash). The problem with these is that is that their sound is just too much to be used on a regular basis in a song - they should really only be used to accent certain parts of a song. For example, if you use the "playlist" feature, put one on first beat of every fourth pattern:
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It is EXTREMELY common in rap to hear a crash every fourth or eigth pattern (or every 16 or 32 measures, if you'd prefer to think of it that way). At the very least, nearly every song has a crash at the start of a verse and chorus.
b. Hi-Hats
Another cymbal are called hi-hats, which don't have as forceful of a sound as a Crash Cymbal. Because of this, they can be used throughout the entire song, and they are very often used as the time-keeper of the song. Basically, you have them play every other note - go to "packs" -> "vintage" -> "VT_CHiHat". This is a closed hi-hat (drummers have a pedal which they can use to control whether a hi-hat is open or closed). Play this pattern:
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It's a steady pattern that keeps the pace of the beat, and it's used in ... man, I'd say about 90-95% of all rap songs.
And, of course, there are open hi-hats - these have a bright sound like a crash cymbal, but aren't so forceful, so they can be used more often. Reverse Open Hi-Hats have become REALLY popular, especially in southern hip-hop, but I think we'll deal with that in the next tutorial.
Other things can be used in place of hi-hats - ride cymbals were really popular in jazz, and as rappers began to sample jazz, their popularity began to increase. If you're into ATCQ-****rap, ride cymbals are a useful tool.
Also, for a bit more flavor, lots of producers reach for ethnic percussion - stuff like shakers are a great replacement for hi-hats.
v. Tom-Toms
If you look at a real drum-kit, Tom-Toms are the only part we have yet to cover. Tom-Toms are more used in rock music, and are almost never used as part of the main beat to a song (Fabolous's "Breath" is like the only one I can think of), but they can be useful to transition between one part of a song to another (like verse to chorus). I'll see if I can find any examples from songs we all know. They aren't used very often, but they can add a bit of flavor if used right. Here's an example:
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Get the tom from Packs -> RealDrumkits -> RD_Tom_3. No other drums should be playing when you do this Tom-Tom pattern, so mute the other drums if you have any others loaded up. The important thing to note here is that we're playing the Tom-Tom at different pitches - all the other parts of the drum-kit we play at one pitch and never move it up or down. With Tom-Tom's, though, there are generally 2 to 4 Tom-Tom's on a drum-kit, each one with it's own pitch. So it's okay to play the Tom's at a couple different pitches.
C.Bass
Like I said earlier, the bass, along with the kick drum, anchor the song and provide the low-end; make the song "thump". For that reason, it's often a good idea to put your bass notes when the kick drum is playing and vice-versa -- though they certainly don't need to always be playing at the same time. The bassline is a very integral part to the song since it provides a procussive sound like the drums (meaning that it adds to the rhythm of the song), yet it can move up and down in pitch like the melody and chords (meaning that it adds to the pitch of the song). In the next tutorial we'll take a closer look at bass line construction. For now, let's just take a look at the bass line to A Tribe Called Quest's "Buggin' Out":
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Just a two-bar long loop, but it's effective as hell.
D.Melody
The melody of a song is a phrase (by phrase, I mean that it's only going to be one, two, or four measures long ... anything longer just won't be memorable) of notes that move up and down in pitch. Any instrument that can be played at more than one pitch can be used as a melody instrument - anything from guitars to flutes to computer synths to ethnic instruments like kotos ... the list seems endless. Like the bass instrument, we will look further into the construction of melodies in the next installment of the beat-making tutorial, so for now let's take a look at the melody from the intro to Eminem's "Lose Yourself" (it's very rhythmic, but I'd still call it a melody, and it's sooooooo purdy!):
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For this, I used "Dark Piano" (Plugin Presets -> Generators -> FL Keys -> Dark Piano). This is the first three measures of the intro.
---> continued on the next post --->
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